Fecal Incontinence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Fecal Incontinence - Essay Example They become housebound and prefer to pass the day very close to the toilet to avoid losing feces. The exact incidence of FI is uncertain because of patients' hesitation to seek help from their physicians. Women seem to be at higher risk, mostly due to obstetric damage to the anal sphincters; however, during the last decade, an increasing interest has been dedicated to those forms of FI related to nontraumatic factors, which reach a relevant incidence (Bharucha, 2003). Older subjects are at very high risk, especially those with disabilities and those who are institutionalized. Moreover, young people are often affected. These factors create a significant economic impact for society, not only due to direct and indirect costs, but also due to intangible costs. FI may result from a variety of pathophysiological situations, and various risk factors can cause a wide range of inability to control feces passage. Therefore, an accurate diagnostic workup of each patient is fundamental. Although not fully agreed upon by all physicians, a multimodal diagnosis, using a multiparametric evaluation, seems to allow the most thorough understanding of FI pathophysiology and to indicate optimal treatment. These are really the most important and challenging aspects of FI management. Indeed, a wide range of therapeutic options is available, including conservative, rehabilitative, and surgical procedures. Highly variable rates of defecatory dysfunction and fecal incontinence have been reported, which most likely reflects the heterogeneity of the populations studied, the use of non-standardized questionnaires, a variety of definitions in terms of frequency of defecation or fecal loss, and patient reluctance to disclose these potentially embarrassing problems. Aging has been consistently identified as a major risk factor for the development of fecal incontinence, and the prevalence has been reported to approach 50% in nursing home residents (Cook and Mortensen 2002). A recent study of m ore than 3,000 community-dwelling women found a population-adjusted prevalence of 7.7% when fecal incontinence was defined as loss of liquid or solid stool at least monthly. The prevalence of fecal incontinence increased linearly with age (Melville et al., 2005). Many patients are reluctant to seek medical attention for bowel disorders because of embarrassment and social stigma. Primary care providers, including obstetricians and gynecologists, are therefore integral to the successful disclosure of such problems by routinely inquiring about bowel function during periodic health care visits. The Research Problem The problem with fecal incontinence is that it often goes undiagnosed and untreated in elderly patients mainly due to the social stigma attached to it. Not only are the patients reluctant to admit the problem, the physicians often fail to ask about the problem due to similar embarrassment that the patients feel or due to the fact that they think the problem to be insignificant. In the older age groups this is particularly significant since it is common in them. Large population surveys have revealed that above age 65, the prevalence is 3% to 7%. Many elderly people are forced to get admitted into nursing homes due to this problem so much so that the prevalence is as high as 50% (Perry et al., 2002). As highlighted by Bharucha et al. (2005), the financial

In His Tragedies Shakespeare Often Presents Women Merely as the Tragic Victims of Men Essay Example for Free

In His Tragedies Shakespeare Often Presents Women Merely as the Tragic Victims of Men Essay In His Tragedies Shakespeare Often Presents Women Merely as the Tragic Victims of Men. To What Extent Do You Consider This Applies to Desdemona In Othello? There are no Antigones in Elizabethan Drama, Lyndsey Turner. Turner is here expressing the view that Shakespeare does not use his women as heroines. Instead she is of the opinion that they are used as devices on which the tragic impulses of the plays male characters are enacted. They are a device to produce a cathartic response from Shakespeares audience. In order to discuss to what extent Desdemona complies with this view, it would appear logical to define a tragic victim. Many say that a tragic victim is a character in a tragedy who suffers at the hand of circumstance and the fates. They suffer through no fault of their own and are brought down by others, they are totally powerless to change their fate and dont contribute to their own tragedy; they are solely the victims of others. It is also vital that they produce a cathartic response from the audience in order for their suffering to be tragic. Looking at these criteria it becomes clear why Shakespeare often uses women as his tragic victims. In the time Shakespeare was writing women had very little influence on their destiny having to submit either to their father or husband. They were the objects of men. When Iago warns Brabantio of his daughters escape he says Look to your house, your daughter and your bags. This shows of how little importance women were, being so powerless they would then be a natural choice for tragic victims, powerless to avoid their fate because of their weakness in society. However, when Desdemona is first presented to us she does not seem anything like a stereotypical woman of the time. Her character is presented as much stronger than that. Her father has not tried to force her into marriage even telling Roderigo that, My daughter is not for thee, even though it is clear that Roderigo is a rich man. At the end of Act one he goes to, sell all his land, in order to pursue Desdemona. As Brabantio is not therefore being in any way a tyrant to his daughter; her ability to escape from the house and deceive him shocks us and surely would have shocked a contemporary audience even more. This woman is not the kind of person you would expect to become a victim. Before the audience have even seen her she is described as a woman of, Beauty, wit and fortunes. She has gone to Othello in the dead of night protected by a, Knave of common hire, a gondolier. This shows Desdemonas bravery and strength. All of this increases her status with the audience and detracts from the image of a weak submissive woman. In Act 1 Scene 3 she defies what the Duke says, when he requests that she stay at her fathers house while Othello is in Cyprus saying that, She did love the Moor to live with him. For a woman to speak in front of a council of the most powerful people in Venice, not invited to do so, would be shocking to a contemporary audience and really show her strength of character. It is almost as though she is a feminine version of Othello, as Patsy Hall says, She cannot be the man, but she can be the husband of the man. She has shunned the Wealthy curled darlings of her nation unlike most women and instead chooses Othello. She doesnt care about his age or race she sees Othellos visage in his mind. The language Shakespeare gives her when talking of her wooing shows how deeply immersed in Othellos world she is; she, Falls in love with the battles even her language is strong. My downright violence and storm of fortunes, She is presented as incredibly strong certainly not a figure of pity. It is seemingly no wonder that Othello calls her, his fair warrior. Although Desdemona is first portrayed as quite a heroic figure by Shakespeare he soon starts to use her as a cathartic device, as the audience watch her previous strength fall away. It becomes clear that Shakespeare made her so strong willed deliberately in order to shape our response to Desdemona. Doing this makes it that much more painful for the audience. A major episode wherein Desdemona is presented as an object of pity is in the handkerchief episode. Desdemona loses her handkerchief and Othello sees Cassio with it. Despite Othellos growing suspicion, Desdemona remains ignorant claiming that, The sun where he was born drew all such humours from him. We feel tremendous pity for Desdemona when she says this because Shakespeare has shaped our response using structure and also the irony of her language. In the last scene we saw that Othello was seething with jealousy and vowed to kill her. This amplifies hugely our feeling of catharsis for her because we feel so helpless. Our pity for her is only added to when Shakespeare shapes events in the play so that all her qualities that were viewed as good in the first act of the play cause her to fall even further. However, she is still a victim because she is powerless to stop it; she is a victim of circumstance and ignorance that Iago has been planning her destruction. She continues to mention Cassio even when it is clear it is causing Othello irritance, she thinks that it is a trick to put her from her suit. The audiences feeling of catharsis is amplified as we can do nothing while her language puts her fidelity in more doubt in Othellos mind The time when we pity her most however is when Othello strikes her. Again she says precisely the wrong things, through no fault of her own but rather because her loving nature wishes to help Cassio, saying that, She would do much for the love she bears to Cassio. All the audience can do is sit and despair for her. When he hits her we think that maybe her strength will come back but she simply responds by saying that she, Will not stay to offend Othello. We despair because we know that if she submits to Othello she will die at his hands. This is yet more evidence of Desdemonas good proving to be her downfall. Shakespeare shapes events very cleverly in the next section in order to get the largest cathartic reaction. For a moment it seems like we might see a glimpse of Desdemonas fight. She claims, She has no Lord. The audience think for a moment she will be fine, however soon she is asking Iago, What shall I do to win my Lord again. The assertive Desdemona from the earlier scenes is gone and the audience despair for her. Even when Othello kills her she does not blame him. When asked who has killed her she says, Nobody, I myself. She dies a symbol of goodness and love, the way Shakespeare shapes her demise is unquestionably tragic. However, is she actually a victim? The audience on the most part at the time would say she is because she does not fall through a flaw in her character. However was she totally helpless and unable to change her fate? Patsy Hall argues that Othello and Desdemona have a, Mutual ignorance of each others nature, saying also that she is, so selflessly devoted that she cannot acknowledge imperfection in her husband. I would agree with this statement by Hall. The audience are constantly perplexed throughout the play as to why Othello will not listen to anyone but Iago. This could be perhaps a comment on how women have had to suffer under the patriarchal society in which Shakespeares original audience was living, perhaps through Desdemona he is trying to show the unfair nature of their society. But in many ways the same is true for Desdemona. Emilia tries to tell her that, Jealous souls are not ever jealous for the cause, but jealous for they are jealous. But even after this warning Desdemona takes no heed of anyone but Iago, therefore it could just perhaps be confirmation of Iagos intelligence, this backs up Desdemonas role as a victim as she is a victim of others. So in conclusion there is no doubt that Desdemonas demise is very much tragic. Also having examined the criteria it would be accurate to say that in many ways Desdemona is a victim. She suffers through no fault of her own and is the victim of circumstance. However, I am not sure that one could say that she was totally powerless to stop her eventual fate. I would say that Desdemona was not a victim of Iagos scheming or Othellos jealousy as she could have stopped these. She was a victim of her own love for Othello. Therefore, I would say that the statement in the title applies to Desdemona so far as she was the tragic victim of her own love for a man.

Deception, Fraud, and the Collapse of Enron Essay -- Business Manageme

Deception, Fraud, and the Collapse of Enron Introduction From America’s 7th most valuable company in December 2000, to a company in ruins by early 2002, Enron has been involved in one of the most incredible reverses of fortune ever. With shares riding high on Wall Street at $84.87 on the 28th December 2000, and awards such as â€Å"America’s most innovative company† from Fortune Magazine 6 years running, and â€Å"Energy Company of the Year† from the Financial Times also in 2000, it looked as though Enron were promising to be one of the biggest American companies of all time. Things started going drastically wrong. As large losses were being reported, share prices tumbled, and Enron, within the space of only a year, was on the verge of collapse. I shall be investigating the factors of this collapse, some of them due to business and economic factors, but mostly through deception and fraud. Analysis The timeline of events from when Enron were at the top to the bottom of the business world is quite outstanding. (See Figure 1, Appendix). The collapse seems to span a time of around 5 months, from August 2001 to January 2002. During this time, many scandals have come out, which suggest Enron has played a major part in its own downfall, through unsuccessful diversification to fiddling the accounts. As these things add up, it is no surprise Enron is now in the position it is. In 2000 the company recorded record turnovers of $100m (See Figure 2, Appendix), a $60m increase from the previous year. Shares were selling at a high price, meaning that future expansion would have been possible due to high investment in the company. A collapse at this point seemed absolutely out of the question, it just seemed impossible, with future investment and high turnovers. In October 2001, the third quarter results were published, showing a mysterious loss. This of course set the share price falling, as investors lost confidence about Enron’s long term capabilities. This was the beginning of what was going to be a difficult few months for Enron, as different scandals and information was released. The reasons for this loss have not been explained fully but there are many different possibilities, some through bad business decisions, some through bad accounting, and some from unnecessary purchases. All of these combined meant that Enron was facing debts of around $690m. Enron consists of ... ...e problems, they might not be in the position they are today. With independent audits, financial irregularities might have come to light sooner. Poor communications with shareholders and potential investors meant they were unaware of the situation they were getting themselves in. Enron also spent a large amount of money on unnecessary items where perhaps better investment would have been a safer option. Overall, the factors all combine to the failure of Enron, and at time of writing it is still unclear the exact reasons for the downfall, and how much of the information released by newspapers and the company itself is reliable. Based on the information available at the time, it is clear there are many deceptions and poor business decisions that have meant Enron have a very bleak future ahead of them. Bibliography Websites: www.bbc.co.uk (20th February-10th March 2002) www.telegraph.co.uk (report on 1/12/01) www.enron.com (March 2002) www.observer.com (March 2002) Other Sources: Independent Newspaper 27th February The Economist (December 2001) Nuffield Business and Economics Student’s Book The Money Programme- Inside the Enron Scandal (BBC2 April 4th 2002)

Writing Persuasive or Argumentative Essays :: Writing an Essay

Everyone needs to know how to write a persuasive essay. It's actually not as difficult as it seems. Give yourself time. Trying to cram an entire 5 paragraph persuasive essay within 100 minutes is not a good idea. Allow yourself enough time to brainstorm, write, and proofread. Put as much effort into your paper as you can in the time period you are given, including the steps below. Brainstorm. Writing a persuasive essay is very much like writing an ordinary paper. Of course, before you begin, you have to come up with a good solid view, a foundation which you can base your entire paper on. It's best if you pick a topic which you strongly believe in. That way, you can defend your ideas better and make your paper sound a lot more convincing. The case that you are making needs to have enough depth and be worthy of support. You might want to consider opposing viewpoints to make it easier for you to realize how opposing people think. First Paragraph. This has to be your paragraph that draws attention to your essay. Start with something like: [What is a good pet? Although there are many different kinds of pets to choose from, I think that the feline cat is the best choice of a pet. A cat is an excellent choice of pet because it is easy to handle, doesn't cause trouble, and is friendly.] Start out with something that draws the reader's attention. Then, state clearly what you are going to pick (in this case, a cat). Finally, list your reasons. Start off your essay by stating your views. Don't get too specific. Leave the details for later. Just lay out your main idea and opinion. Your first sentence should be a thesis sentence, and have the basic ideas that encompasses all that you will say in the rest of the essay. You will need a paragraph supporting your idea, and a paragraph for people who oppose your idea. E.G. Cats are good pets because they don't lubricate all over the house. A sentence for the people who oppose your idea is: Even though cats bite a lot, you can control this by training it. See how you can get an answer to an opposition. This is needed. Make body paragraphs. At minimum, write three paragraphs for the body of the essay. Each paragraph should cover a main point to back up your argument and idea.

Deception Point Page 61

The chamber looked like a walk-in closet whose ceiling, walls, and floor had been completely covered with foam spires jutting inward from all directions. It reminded Rachel of a cramped underwater cave where stalagmites had run wild, growing off every surface. Most unsettling, however, was the apparent lack of a floor. The floor was a taut, meshed chicken-wire grid strung horizontally across the room like a fishing net, giving the inhabitants the feeling that they were suspended midway up the wall. The mesh was rubberized and stiff beneath the feet. As Rachel gazed down through the webbed flooring, she felt like she was crossing a string bridge suspended over a surrealistic fractalized landscape. Three feet below, a forest of foam needles pointed ominously upward. Instantly upon entering Rachel had sensed the disorientating lifelessness to the air, as if every bit of energy had been sucked out. Her ears felt as if they'd been stuffed with cotton. Only her breath was audible inside her head. She called out, and the effect was that of speaking into a pillow. The walls absorbed every reverberation, making the only perceivable vibrations those inside her head. Now the captain had departed, closing the padded door behind him. Rachel, Corky, and Tolland were seated in the center of the room at a small U-shaped table that stood on long metal stilts that descended through the mesh. On the table were affixed several gooseneck microphones, headphones, and a video console with a fish-eye camera on top. It looked like a mini-United Nations symposium. As someone who worked in the U.S. intelligence community-the world's foremost manufacturers of hard laser microphones, underwater parabolic eavesdroppers, and other hypersensitive listening devices-Rachel was well aware there were few places on earth where one could have a truly secure conversation. The dead room was apparently one of those places. The mics and headphones on the table enabled a face-to-face â€Å"conference call† in which people could speak freely, knowing the vibrations of their words could not escape the room. Their voices, upon entering the microphones, would be heavily encrypted for their long journey through the atmosphere. â€Å"Level check.† The voice materialized suddenly inside their headphones, causing Rachel, Tolland, and Corky to jump. â€Å"Do you read me, Ms. Sexton?† Rachel leaned into the microphone. â€Å"Yes. Thank you.† Whoever you are. â€Å"I have Director Pickering on the line for you. He's accepting AV. I am signing off now. You will have your data stream momentarily.† Rachel heard the line go dead. There was a distant whirr of static and then a rapid series of beeps and clicks in the headphones. With startling clarity, the video screen in front of them sprang to life, and Rachel saw Director Pickering in the NRO conference room. He was alone. His head snapped up and he looked into Rachel's eyes. She felt oddly relieved to see him. â€Å"Ms. Sexton,† he said, his expression perplexed and troubled. â€Å"What in the world is going on?† â€Å"The meteorite, sir,† Rachel said. â€Å"I think we may have a serious problem.† 71 Inside the Charlotte's dead room, Rachel Sexton introduced Michael Tolland and Corky Marlinson to Pickering. Then she took charge and launched into a quick account of the day's incredible chain of events. The NRO director sat motionless as he listened. Rachel told him about the bioluminescent plankton in the extraction pit, their journey onto the ice shelf and discovery of an insertion shaft beneath the meteorite, and finally of their sudden attack by a military team she suspected was Special Ops. William Pickering was known for his ability to listen to disturbing information without so much as flinching an eye, and yet his gaze grew more and more troubled with each progression in Rachel's story. She sensed disbelief and then rage when she talked about Norah Mangor's murder and their own near-death escape. Although Rachel wanted to voice her suspicions of the NASA administrator's involvement, she knew Pickering well enough not to point fingers without evidence. She gave Pickering the story as cold hard facts. When she was finished, Pickering did not respond for several seconds. â€Å"Ms. Sexton,† he finally said, â€Å"all of you†¦ † He moved his gaze to each of them. â€Å"If what you're saying is true, and I cannot imagine why three of you would lie about this, you are all very lucky to be alive.† They all nodded in silence. The President had called in four civilian scientists†¦ and two of them were now dead. Pickering heaved a disconsolate sigh, as if he had no idea what to say next. The events clearly made little sense. â€Å"Is there any way,† Pickering asked, â€Å"that this insertion shaft you're seeing in that GPR printout is a natural phenomenon?† Rachel shook her head. â€Å"It's too perfect.† She unfolded the soggy GPR printout and held it up in front of the camera. â€Å"Flawless.† Pickering studied the image, scowling in agreement. â€Å"Don't let that out of your hands.† â€Å"I called Marjorie Tench to warn her to stop the President,† Rachel said. â€Å"But she shut me down.† â€Å"I know. She told me.† Rachel looked up, stunned. â€Å"Marjorie Tench called you?† That was fast. â€Å"Just now. She's very concerned. She feels you are attempting some kind of stunt to discredit the President and NASA. Perhaps to help your father.† Rachel stood up. She waved the GPR printout and motioned to her two companions. â€Å"We were almost killed! Does this look like some kind of stunt? And why would I-â€Å" Pickering held up his hands. â€Å"Easy. What Ms. Tench failed to tell me was that there were three of you.† Rachel could not recall if Tench had even given her time to mention Corky and Tolland. â€Å"Nor did she tell me you had physical evidence,† Pickering said. â€Å"I was skeptical of her claims before I spoke to you, and now I am convinced she is mistaken. I do not doubt your claims. The question at this point is what it all means.† There was a long silence. William Pickering rarely looked confused, but he shook his head, seeming lost. â€Å"Let's assume for the moment that someone did insert this meteorite beneath the ice. That begs the obvious issue of why. If NASA has a meteorite with fossils in it, why would they, or anyone else for that matter, care where it is found?† â€Å"It appears,† Rachel said, â€Å"that the insertion was performed such that PODS would make the discovery, and the meteorite would appear to be a fragment from a known impact.† â€Å"The Jungersol Fall,† Corky prompted. â€Å"But of what value is the meteorite's association with a known impact?† Pickering demanded, sounding almost mad. â€Å"Aren't these fossils an astounding discovery anywhere and anytime? No matter what meteoritic event they are associated with?† All three nodded. Pickering hesitated, looking displeased. â€Å"Unless†¦ of course†¦ â€Å" Rachel saw the wheels turning behind the director's eyes. He had found the simplest explanation for placing the meteorite concurrent with the Jungersol strata, but the simplest explanation was also the most troubling. â€Å"Unless,† Pickering continued, â€Å"the careful placement was intended to lend credibility to totally false data.† He sighed, turning to Corky. â€Å"Dr. Marlinson, what is the possibility that this meteorite is a counterfeit.† â€Å"Counterfeit, sir?† â€Å"Yes. A fake. Manufactured.† â€Å"A fake meteorite?† Corky gave an awkward laugh. â€Å"Utterly impossible! That meteorite was examined by professionals. Myself included. Chemical scans, spectrograph, rubidium-strontium dating. It is unlike any kind of rock ever seen on earth. The meteorite is authentic. Any astrogeologist would agree.†

Whats a Good 7th Grade ACT

What's a Good 7th Grade ACT / SAT Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The SAT / ACT is incredibly important for many students. It's used to determine admissions into talent programs like Duke's TIP or Johns Hopkins CTY. It's also a good predictor of future college potential. But how do you know what a good SAT / ACT score is for someone in middle school? Here, Dr. Fred Zhang does a novel analysis on two data setsto find what is considered a good score for middle school students. The ACT andSAT Are Made for High School Students. What Does This Mean for You? First, a bit of background is needed. The ACT / SAT is primarily used as ahigh schooltest forcollegeadmissions. This means a few things. The SAT is normed at 500 points per section, while the ACT is normed around a 20. Norms are enforced average scores for high school students. Check out these links if you want to know more about what's a good ACT score for a high school student, or what's a good SAT score for a high school student. If you use atable for high school students to examine a middle school student's score, your results will be completely wrong. You need to use a guide, like this one, that is specifically crafted for middle school students. Also, remember that the content on the ACT / SAT is high-school level, including geometry and topics usually tested in US high schools. Therefore, performing badly on these tests in middle school should not be taken as a lack of ability - sometimes it's just the result of never having learned the content. How We Found the Data Few 7th graders take the SAT / ACT, so finding out what's a good or bad score is not as easy as looking at a table of percentiles from the test makers. Instead, we use two unique data sets: the Duke TIP program data set and the John Hopkins CTY data set. (In regards to the new SAT, we came up with these estimates based on data from the old version of the SAT, but we expect them to stay pretty accurate for the new version of the testthat will have its first administrationin March 2016.) These are groups of very talented 7th graders who take the SAT / ACT, so we can't just take the average and distribution of these data sets to look for an average for all 7th graders. Instead, we used a statistical technique called quantile matching / maximum likelihood to infer the distribution of all 7th graders. The two data sets agree, and here arethe results. Results: Distribution of 7th Grade ACT / SAT Scores The average scores of a 7th grade student are lower than those of a high school student. In fact, we find that the scores on the SAT are a full 400points lower, while the scores on the ACT are about 10 points lower. Therefore, the SAT score of the median7th grader is about a 300 per section on the SAT, while the ACT score of the median7th grader is about a 10. A standard deviation in the SAT is around 100 points per section, and is around a 6 on the ACT. This means that the scores translate as follows: Interpretation Percentile ACT Score SAT Score Below Average 25% 4 200 Average 50% 10 300 Above Average 75% 16 400 Excellent 95% 23 500 What this data shows us is that, if you score about an 10 on the ACT or a 300on each section of the SAT (or a 600 with both sections combined), you're getting about the average score for a 7th grader. If you score around a 4on the ACT or a 200for each SAT section, then about three-quarters of other 7th graders would have a higher score than you. What's a Good SAT / ACT Score for a 7th Grader? From the table above, we can conclude that a good SAT / ACT score for 7th graders, a score that beats three-quarters of similar students in the USA, is a 16 on the ACT and an 800on the SAT. However, as I warned above, the SAT / ACT is not intended to evaluate 7th graders, so don't despair if your score is lower than this. You can always boost it later by learning the content and studying more. How Can 7th Graders Prepare for the SAT / ACT? Now that you know what a good standardized test score for a 7th grader is, how can you keep improving your score until it's where you want it to be? We have a lots of guides to help you understand the SAT and ACT. First, you will want to decide if you should start preparing for the SAT or ACT in 7th grade.If you decide to take one of these tests in 7th grade, check outthis guide that explains how 7th graders can begin their test preparation for the SAT or ACT. Practice tests are very important for standardized test prep as well, and we have manyfree and official SAT practice tests and ACT practice tests. You mightalso be interested in preparing forstandardizedtests that students typically take before the SAT and ACT. We have complete guides to both the new PSAT and the ACT Aspire tests. Use these resources and you'll be well on your way to getting a strong score the next time you take the SAT or ACT! What's Next? The college admissions process has become so competitive that it's helpful to plan well in advance for SAT/ACT prep during high school. Here are a few guides to help your thinking: How long before the SAT should you study? Can you start test prep even in middle school? Is it appropriate? Want to score a perfect SAT or ACT score? Read our guide to scoring the maximum SAT score possible, written by our resident perfect scorer. (ACT edition here). Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT and ACT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160+ points or your ACT score by 4+ points. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Famous Female Chemists and Chemical Engineers

Famous Female Chemists and Chemical Engineers Women have made many important contributions to the fields of chemistry and chemical engineering. Heres a list of female scientists and a summary of the research or inventions that made them famous. Jacqueline Barton - (USA, born 1952) Jacqueline Barton probes DNA with electrons. She uses custom-made molecules to locate genes and study their arrangement. She has shown that some damaged DNA molecules do not conduct electricity. Ruth Benerito - (USA, born 1916) Ruth Benerito invented wash-and-wear cotton fabric. Chemical treatment of the cotton surface not only reduced wrinkles, but could be used to make it flame resistant and stain resistant. Ruth Erica Benesch - (1925-2000) Ruth Benesch and her husband Reinhold made a discovery that helped explain how hemoglobin releases oxygen in the body. They learned that carbon dioxide functions as an indicator molecule, causing hemoglobin to release oxygen where carbon dioxide concentrations are high. Joan Berkowitz - (USA, born 1931) Joan Berkowitz is a chemist and environmental consultant. She uses her command of chemistry to help solve problems with pollution and industrial waste. Carolyn Bertozzi - (USA, born 1966) Carolyn Bertozzi has helped design artificial bones that are less likely to cause reactions or lead to rejection than their predecessors. She has helped create contact lenses that are better-tolerated by the cornea of the eye. Hazel Bishop - (USA, 1906–1998) Hazel Bishop is the inventor of smear-proof lipstick. In 1971, Hazel Bishop became the first female member of the Chemists’ Club in New York. Corale Brierley Stephanie Burns Mary Letitia Caldwell Emma Perry Carr - (USA, 1880–1972) Emma Carr helped to make Mount Holyoke, a womens college, into a chemistry research center. She offered undergraduate students the opportunity to conduct their own original resarch. Uma Chowdhry Pamela Clark Mildred Cohn Gerty Theresa Cori Shirley O. Corriher Erika Cremer Marie Curie - Marie Curie pioneered radioactivity research. She was the first two-time Nobel laureate and the only person to win the award in two different sciences (Linus Pauling won Chemistry and Peace). She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. Marie Curie was the first female professor at the Sorbonne. Irà ©ne Joliot-Curie - Irà ©ne Joliot-Curie was awarded the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for synthesis of new radioactive elements. The prize was shared jointly with her husband Jean Frà ©dà ©ric Joliot. Marie Daly - (USA, 1921–2003) In 1947, Marie Daly became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry. The majority of her career was spent as a college professor. In addition to her research, she developed programs to attract and aid minority students in medical and graduate school. Kathryn Hach Darrow Cecile Hoover Edwards Gertrude Belle Elion Gladys L. A. Emerson Mary Fieser Edith Flanigen - (USA, born 1929) In the 1960s, Edith Flanigen invented a process for making synthetic emeralds. In addition to their use for making beautiful jewelry, the perfect emeralds made it possible to make powerful microwave lasers. In 1992, Flanigen received the first Perkin Medal ever awarded to a woman, for her work synthesizing zeolites. Linda K. Ford Rosalind Franklin - (Great Britain, 1920–1958) Rosalind Franklin used x-ray crystallography to see the structure of DNA. Watson and Crick used her data to propose the double-stranded helical structure of the DNA molecule. The Nobel Prize could only be awarded to living persons, so she could not be included when Watson and Crick were formally recognized with the 1962 Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology. She also used x-ray crystallography to study the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus. Helen M. Free Dianne D. Gates-Anderson Mary Lowe Good Barbara Grant Alice Hamilton - (USA, 1869–1970) Alice Hamilton was a chemist and physician who directed the first governmental commission to investigate industrial hazards in the workplace, such as exposure to dangerous chemicals. Because of her work, laws were passed to protect employees from occupational hazards. In 1919 she became the first female faculty member of Harvard Medical School. Anna Harrison Gladys Hobby Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin - Dorothy Crowfoot-Hodgkin (Great Britain) was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for using x-rays to determine the structure of biologically important molecules. Darleane Hoffman M. Katharine Holloway - (USA, born 1957) M. Katharine Holloway and Chen Zhao are two of the chemists who developed protease inhibitors to inactivate the HIV virus, greatly extending the lives of AIDS patients. Linda L. Huff Allene Rosalind Jeanes Mae Jemison - (USA, born 1956) Mae Jemison is a retired medical doctor and American astronaut. In 1992, she became the first black woman in space. She holds a degree in chemical engineering from Stanford and a degree in medicine from Cornell. She remains very active in science and technology. Fran Keeth Laura Kiessling Reatha Clark King Judith Klinman Stephanie Kwolek Marie-Anne Lavoisier - (France, circa 1780) Lavoisiers wife was his colleague. She translated documents from English for him and prepared sketches and engravings of laboratory instruments. She hosted parties at which prominent scientists could discuss chemistry and other scientific ideas. Rachel Lloyd Shannon Lucid - (USA, born 1943) Shannon Lucid as an American biochemist and US astronaut. For a while, she held the American record for the most time in space. She studies the effects of space on human health, often using her own body as a test subject. Mary Lyon - (USA, 1797–1849) Mary Lyon founded Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts, one of the first womens colleges. At the time, most colleges taught chemistry as a lecture-only class. Lyon made lab exercises and experiments an integral part of undergraduate chemistry education. Her method became popular. Most modern chemistry classes include a lab component. Lena Qiying Ma Jane Marcet Lise Meitner  - Lise Meitner (November 17, 1878 – October 27, 1968) was an Austrian/Swedish physicist who studied radioactivity and nuclear physics. She was part of the team that discovered nuclear fission, for which Otto Hahn received a Nobel Prize. Maud Menten Marie Meurdrac Helen Vaughn Michel Amalie Emmy Noether  - (born in Germany, 1882-1935) Emmy Noether was a mathematician, not a chemist, but her mathematical description of the conservation laws for energy, angular momentum, and linear momentum has been invaluable in spectroscopy and other branches of chemistry. She is responsible for Noethers theorem in theoretical physics, the Lasker–Noether theorem in commutative algebra, the concept of Noetherian rings, and was co-founder of the theory of central simple algebras. Ida Tacke Noddack Mary Engle Pennington Elsa Reichmanis Ellen Swallow Richards Jane S. Richardson  - (USA, born 1941) Jane Richardson, a biochemistry professor at Duke University, is best-known for her hand-drawn and computer-generated portaits of proteins. The graphics help scientists understand how proteins are made and how they function. Janet Rideout Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau Florence Seibert Melissa Sherman Maxine Singer  - (USA, born 1931) Maxine Singer specializes in recombinant DNA technology. She studies how disease-causing genes jump within DNA. She helped formulate the NIHs ethical guidelines for genetic engineering. Barbara Sitzman Susan Solomon Kathleen Taylor Susan S. Taylor Martha Jane Bergin Thomas Margaret E. M. Tolbert Rosalyn Yalow Chen Zhao  - (born 1956) M. Katharine Holloway and Chen Zhao are two of the chemists who developed protease inhibitors to inactivate the HIV virus, greatly extending the lives of AIDS patients.

Free Essays on Birches Setting

In any life, one must endure hardship to enjoy the good times. According to Robert Frost, the author of â€Å"Birches†, enduring life’s hardships can be made easier by finding a sane balance between one’s imagination and reality. The poem is divided into four parts: an introduction, a scientific analysis of the bending of birch trees, an imaginatively false analysis of the phenomenon involving a New England farm boy, and a reflective wish Frost makes, wanting to return to his childhood. All of these sections have strong underlying philosophical meanings. Personification, alliteration, and other sound devices support these meanings and themes. Frost supports the theme by using language to seem literal, yet if one visualizes the setting and relates it to life, the literal and figurative viewpoints can be nearly identical. Take this example: â€Å"Life is too much like a pathless wood†. This simile describes how one can be brought down by the repetitive routine of day-to-day life, but only if one processes the barren, repetitive forest scene that Frost paints in that sentence. Sound devices also add to the effect of the poem. Frost gives the image of the morning after an ice storm, as the ice cracks on the birch trees: â€Å"They click upon themselves / As the breeze rises, and turn many-colored / As the stir cracks and crazes their enamel. / Soon the sun’s warmth makes them shed crystal shells / Scattering and avalanching on the snow crust† The repeating /s/, /z/, and /k/, sounds in this passage are strong examples of alliteration, and sound devices are crucial in the image presented; calm, reflecting, and romanticizing, like a quiet walk in the woods. The /k/ sound is the sound of the ice cracking off of the birches and â€Å"shattering† and crashing â€Å"on the snow crust.† The /s/ and /z/ sounds suggest the rising morning breeze, and they increase as the passage continues. Birch trees are naturally very flexible. Frost explains... Free Essays on Birches Setting Free Essays on Birches Setting In any life, one must endure hardship to enjoy the good times. According to Robert Frost, the author of â€Å"Birches†, enduring life’s hardships can be made easier by finding a sane balance between one’s imagination and reality. The poem is divided into four parts: an introduction, a scientific analysis of the bending of birch trees, an imaginatively false analysis of the phenomenon involving a New England farm boy, and a reflective wish Frost makes, wanting to return to his childhood. All of these sections have strong underlying philosophical meanings. Personification, alliteration, and other sound devices support these meanings and themes. Frost supports the theme by using language to seem literal, yet if one visualizes the setting and relates it to life, the literal and figurative viewpoints can be nearly identical. Take this example: â€Å"Life is too much like a pathless wood†. This simile describes how one can be brought down by the repetitive routine of day-to-day life, but only if one processes the barren, repetitive forest scene that Frost paints in that sentence. Sound devices also add to the effect of the poem. Frost gives the image of the morning after an ice storm, as the ice cracks on the birch trees: â€Å"They click upon themselves / As the breeze rises, and turn many-colored / As the stir cracks and crazes their enamel. / Soon the sun’s warmth makes them shed crystal shells / Scattering and avalanching on the snow crust† The repeating /s/, /z/, and /k/, sounds in this passage are strong examples of alliteration, and sound devices are crucial in the image presented; calm, reflecting, and romanticizing, like a quiet walk in the woods. The /k/ sound is the sound of the ice cracking off of the birches and â€Å"shattering† and crashing â€Å"on the snow crust.† The /s/ and /z/ sounds suggest the rising morning breeze, and they increase as the passage continues. Birch trees are naturally very flexible. Frost explains...

Case study of E-commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Case study of E-commerce - Essay Example For valid online contracts, there should be an acknowledged set of conditions, and each party to the contract must signify to come into a lawfully binding agreement and there should be adequate considerations. An e-tailor (e-service provider) may opt that the agreement for supply or sale of services or goods to be regulated by his own typical conditions and terms. To be legally enforceable, these conditions and terms should be integrated into the online contracts by making them to the awareness of the client at the time or before the agreement comes into force. If the typical conditions and terms are not correctly included, in case of any disagreement, the court will take into recognition the conditions to oversee the agreement footed on earlier track of dealing or on the statue which could be offering less beneficial or lucrative to the e-tailor (e-service provider)1 Methods of Incorporation of Standard Terms and conditions in a Web Site Mere inclusion of conditions and terms on a w ebsite is not adequate to include them into the agreement. Both the parties to e-contract should agree to such an e-contract on the expressed terms. There are three chief courses available in which terms and conditions may be incorporated into a website for the benefit of users and incorporated into the contract, and they are â€Å"click-wrap†, â€Å"browse-wrap†, and â€Å"web-wrap† despite the fact that the distinction between these courses may not be especially clear-cut in real practice. â€Å"Browse-Wrap† connotes that the conditions are reachable through a hypertext link. â€Å"Click-wrap â€Å"connotes that constructive consent to the exhibited terms, for instance, by clicking an â€Å"I agree† button is needed. Under this, a customer is required to roll through the conditions before to click â€Å"I accept† and then continue with such business. â€Å"Web-wrap† connotes a notice trying to make an entry into and further use of website conditions posted under â€Å"terms & conditions.† Under this, there will be a hyperlink within a phrase with words to the cause of, â€Å"By ticking on the â€Å"I accept† icon, the customer acknowledges that he has read and acknowledged the conditions and terms2. By comparison with past court cases concerning with the integration of conditions into an e-contract, it is possible that a competent court would arrive at a conclusion that inclusion of either second or third condition as mentioned above will be valid as the content and existence of the conditions are obviously brought to the notice of the client before the formation of any e-contract and hence, it would be bonding on the part of the customer. However, the first option mentioned above may be held to be invalid. Despite not pinpointing of the English courts’ approach, US courts have held that â€Å"click-wrap† agreement is valid one while holding that plain mention to the conditions a nd terms as a computer-link like the first choice mentioned above or by employing a browse-wrap facility, could not be adequate to integrate conditions and terms as in such a type of e-contracts, customers are not warranted to read the terms of the e-contracts before ordering3. In William’s v America Online Inc4, the plaintiff claimed that installation of online software provided by the defendant had resulted in unauthorised changes to his computer. AOI attempted to rely on a jurisdiction clause which consisted in its terms of service

Dirt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dirt - Essay Example We can also find in this essay the reasons the earth are suffering from disasters and destructions. Above all it will present the reasons we need to give importance to dirt. From the very beginning, man and dirt had been together on their travel even during the creation and evolution of the earth. Man is a compound of matter and mind. Man is formed from the dust of the ground, so man is a dust and to dust he shall return. A man’s material part is dust from the soil. Man’s mission in this respect is to draw out the capabilities of the soil to support by its produce the large number of his race and to always give importance to it but as generations to generations had come, this mission was forgotten. Dirt! The Movie, introduces viewers to dirt’s interesting history. It shows that religion around the world share the theme that man’s origin is in the dirt. That from this origin it has to be given importance and living with it. Christians, Jewish and Muslim customs, traditions and beliefs share the story that God formed man from dust and breathe the breath of life and the man became a living being. The film recommends that the connection of the natural world to human is outside the range of overseeing and protecting of dirt considered as worth caring for and preserving to interconnectivity and a profound spiritual connection. The movie also introduces that four billion years of the process of development, it has made dirt which supplies man with shelter, dirt that provides food and dirt that recycles water. It has also given man things that can be used for fuel, medicine, ceramics, flowers, cosmetics, and color, in other words, dirt has given man everything for manâ⠂¬â„¢s survival. Human beings knew and understood the intimate bond with dirt and the nature. Human beings took care of the soil that took care of human beings back. But as the years went by, man has lost that connection and eventually

Partnership law (In Australia) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Partnership law (In Australia) - Assignment Example Question 1 In the case of The Money Doctors, the business is a partnership due to the fact that the three persons had come together with the intension of carrying out a business venture and make profit. Although they did not have a written agreement, this business relationship has everything that a business partnership has and it therefore makes them a partnership. The partnership is made of Adam, Moe, and Jeff because they were the proprietors of the business. Flo, Adam’s Wife, cannot be described as a partner in this endeavour because of two main factors. To begin with, the money that she contributed to the business was a loan which was supposed to be refunded to her in the course of doing business. Secondly, her second role in the business was as an employment receiving an annual salary. As a result, although she was related to the partners and contributed to the initial capital, she cannot be described as a partner in the relationship. As seen in the decisions made in Birt chnell v The Equity Trustees, Executors and Agency Company Limited [1929] 42 CLR 384 19291, the court decided that the actions which the partner carried out should have been in the interest of the partnership. In this case, the court predicated its decision on the fact that in a partnership, every action carried out by any of the partners must be seen as being carried out in the interest of the partnership. Therefore it found that when the accused failed to remit the profits which he had gained by acting in the capacity of a partner, he had failed to observe the law and betrayed the other partners. The profits made by the accused were therefore seen as supposed to have been shared with the rest of the partners due to the nature of the business association that existed between him and the partners. The same case appears in the Money Doctors case where the partners are acting in the interest of the partnership and the rest of the group. This therefore defines The Money Doctors as a pa rtnership. In Canny Gabriel Castle Jackson Advertising Pty Ltd v Volume Sales (Finance) Pty Ltd [1974], the court decided that the business venture constituted a partnership based on three major factors which the court looked upon. First, the court quoted the fact that the partners had come together with the aim of carrying out commercial ventures. Secondly the court quoted the Partnership Act of 1892 and pointed out that since the partners intended to share the profits equally as produced by the business venture, that this then constituted a business partnership. Thirdly, the court referred to the fact that the partners were concerned with the financial stability of each other. The fact that the parties involved met these three main factors which are used to describe a partnership led to the court deciding that the relationship was a partnership. These three factors are also eminent in the case of The Money Doctors and therefore the Money Doctors can be seen as a partnership. In Ka ng-Kem v Paine (2004)2, the court used the same rules to determine the existence of partnership between the two persons before the court. The court used the definition of a partnership as provided in the 1892 partnership act. It also used some parameters to determine the existence of the partnership. Among the factors considered included the joint tenancy, the sharing of gross returns and the sharing of the profits by the

Strategic leadership for organizational improvement Assignment

Strategic leadership for organizational improvement - Assignment Example Lastly, the paper would provide potential barriers and opportunities for a driving force that could help bring change. The Current Situation: The organization that has been selected is Al Marfaq Hospital which is situated in Abu Dhabi. Many officials claim that most parts of the Al Marfaq hospital do not have the same level of medical standards as the rest of the government hospitals (Khalaf). The competence level of Al Marfaq is different from others in that its management and its standard of quality for treatment is not the same. Doctors with quality of the expertise and experience also vary in this hospital which is governed by government officials. However, UAE has been rated as the second most frequently visited country for medical tourism by World Bank. The mortality rate of cardiovascular disease in the whole UAE has risen up to 28% due to the fact that there are not many facilities regarding the cure of the disease. Accordingly, Al Marfaq is also a hospital that is having dif ficulties to lower mortality rate for cardiovascular diseases. The number of doctors that take care of that particular disease is comparatively lower and not highly qualified as other specialist doctors (Oxford Business Group). The doctors that are hired by officials for treating the disease are mostly foreigners that have come a long way from their countries and have become permanent. Due to this fact, other local doctors are de-motivated for not being supported by their own government. Public hospitals have been providing the treatment for free of cost for their UAE residents but this hospital charges are a particular cost for the overseas people without giving them any kind of discounts. These overseas people had to travel a long distance for their treatment but expenses are too high for them to afford. Administration issue has been a debate for a long period of time and has not been rectified (Oxford Business Group). The management lacks a guideline or a code through which a hos pital could be run. It may become harmful for hospital in the long run. The lack of leadership is also a concern for institution as government has failed to design strategies that could help improve their managerial problems (Khalaf). Analyzing the situation: The main issue for this public hospital is the management problem due to which these issues have been erupting. As there are no such guidelines for the recruitment of medical doctors, therefore, the administration is hiring foreigners for the job which creates dissatisfaction amongst the local people. There is no quota system defined that could help the management in making decisions for the recruitment. No proper guideline has also been the major reason for no coordination of public hospitals with each other which is the reason why this hospital does not have any kind of collaboration. This also raises the fact that there is no collaboration and practices of government hospitals vary from one another (Oxford Business Group). E ven though the medical tourism is on its verge in UAE, expenses for the people coming from overseas has risen in recent years which has prevented people from visiting UAE. This is because the government does not provide any support to overseas people but it only cares of its local people. This could create a source of disappointment for these overseas people and would start finding an alternate place for medical tourism if the government did not pay attention to these

Organizational bahavior Business (MBA) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational bahavior Business (MBA) - Essay Example 45). The key to managing a diverse workforce is increasing individual awareness of and sensitivity to differences of race, gender, social class, sexual orientation, physical ability, and age. The locus of change is the individual and change itself is both intra- and inter-personal. This approach is consistent with the preponderance of diversity initiatives undertaken in organizations, which primarily comprise training and development efforts such as diversity awareness training, leadership training, mentoring, and personal support group (Cope 2000, p. 76). A strict code of ethics and social corporate responsibility will ensure that the company value all stakeholders and ensures fair treatment of all groups. Ethics and SCR will ensure high high-standards of performance and ethical norms followed by all employees. The system of inquiry will help to incorporate specific references to such topics as new legal and ethical dimensions, and SCR (Frederick 2000, p. 5). It should be framed so that it is easy to derive from it policies on these and other aspects of conduct at work. It also will provide a basis on which to build training on such problem themes in a way which is convincing even to people who might otherwise consider them to be matters only for campaigning special interest groups (Frederick 2000, p. 23). It is the role of management to act as important activity and to co-ordinate, direct and guide the efforts of members toward the achievement of goals and objectives (Dubbink 2003, pp. 3, 7). Within this process ethics and ethical c ode has a great influence on organization and decision making process as a part of management. the company can donate some money to local church or healthcare organization, finance non-for-profit organization or support R&D activities. The company should consider social issues and environmental influences in making investment decisions (Dubbink 2003, p. 42). Employees, their work safety and health are the main priority. It is important to improve working conditions and introduced health related programs for employee. Also, it is vital for the company to take actions and decrease GHG emissions and negative impact of production on the environment. Question 2 In general, the level of successful performance of a team is influenced by successful or unsuccessful decision-making process, because it involves full discussion and participation. This appears to work best where a high level of interaction is required among all members of the group in order to solve complex problems. The main factors which imperative to effectively measuring the successful performance team performance are team dynamics and cohesion, common language and shared understanding (DeMarco and Lister 1999, p. 45, 52). Also, it is possible to single out the level of professionalism and leadership qualities of a leader (DeMarco and Lister 1999, p. 155). "A team leader should bear in mind that low dynamics prevent teams to produce a higher level of output"

Strategic leadership for organizational improvement Assignment

Strategic leadership for organizational improvement - Assignment Example Lastly, the paper would provide potential barriers and opportunities for a driving force that could help bring change. The Current Situation: The organization that has been selected is Al Marfaq Hospital which is situated in Abu Dhabi. Many officials claim that most parts of the Al Marfaq hospital do not have the same level of medical standards as the rest of the government hospitals (Khalaf). The competence level of Al Marfaq is different from others in that its management and its standard of quality for treatment is not the same. Doctors with quality of the expertise and experience also vary in this hospital which is governed by government officials. However, UAE has been rated as the second most frequently visited country for medical tourism by World Bank. The mortality rate of cardiovascular disease in the whole UAE has risen up to 28% due to the fact that there are not many facilities regarding the cure of the disease. Accordingly, Al Marfaq is also a hospital that is having dif ficulties to lower mortality rate for cardiovascular diseases. The number of doctors that take care of that particular disease is comparatively lower and not highly qualified as other specialist doctors (Oxford Business Group). The doctors that are hired by officials for treating the disease are mostly foreigners that have come a long way from their countries and have become permanent. Due to this fact, other local doctors are de-motivated for not being supported by their own government. Public hospitals have been providing the treatment for free of cost for their UAE residents but this hospital charges are a particular cost for the overseas people without giving them any kind of discounts. These overseas people had to travel a long distance for their treatment but expenses are too high for them to afford. Administration issue has been a debate for a long period of time and has not been rectified (Oxford Business Group). The management lacks a guideline or a code through which a hos pital could be run. It may become harmful for hospital in the long run. The lack of leadership is also a concern for institution as government has failed to design strategies that could help improve their managerial problems (Khalaf). Analyzing the situation: The main issue for this public hospital is the management problem due to which these issues have been erupting. As there are no such guidelines for the recruitment of medical doctors, therefore, the administration is hiring foreigners for the job which creates dissatisfaction amongst the local people. There is no quota system defined that could help the management in making decisions for the recruitment. No proper guideline has also been the major reason for no coordination of public hospitals with each other which is the reason why this hospital does not have any kind of collaboration. This also raises the fact that there is no collaboration and practices of government hospitals vary from one another (Oxford Business Group). E ven though the medical tourism is on its verge in UAE, expenses for the people coming from overseas has risen in recent years which has prevented people from visiting UAE. This is because the government does not provide any support to overseas people but it only cares of its local people. This could create a source of disappointment for these overseas people and would start finding an alternate place for medical tourism if the government did not pay attention to these

China in the 20th century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

China in the 20th century - Essay Example Twentieth century has been the period of great massive changes for China. This has been a period of revolution with changes all round including governments, economy, political and cultural. Twentieth century China is an epitome of great sociopolitical changes This has been a period of revolution with changes all round including governments, economy, political, social and cultural. Twentieth century China is an epitome of great sociopolitical changes (Schoppa). This changing face of China has its effects on the economic and political future of China. This paper aims at exploring and critically analyzing the three systematic challenges the current leadership is facing namely the challenge of fragile political institutions and structures, growing strength of societal changes and stability and sustainability of economic, social and political progress. This paper will analyze the effectiveness and efficacy of the reform programs initiated by Chinese government. It aims an in-depth study o f the hurdles the economic reforms are challenged with and the weaknesses of the political system along with the predictions of the future. A brief history of China in Twentieth Century China was one of the most advanced and politically powerful country of the world, with its long Chinese history and rich Chinese civilization at the beginning of the twentieth century. Even at that time too it was the most populous and politically unified country with very advanced agriculture. However when Europeans landed on this region China was stuck in its old traditions with no industrialization. The Chinese traditional government began to fail in the early years of the twentieth century and Western Nations were fighting over as much control as possible. The resentment of this foreign influence by the Chinese people was revealed in Boxer rebellion. The Chinese people replaced their imperial system with Chinese republic led by Sun Yat-sen in 1911. The battle with imperial forces and republican f orces of Sun continued for some time. With the outbreak of First World War china found itself providing laborers for alleged mines and factories. While the internal battle of power in china continued weakening it even further Japan capitalized on the situation. By the end of 1939 Japan’s full blown aggression against China yielded them control over most of the east coast of China. First half of the twentieth century for china mostly meant power struggle, high inflation and economic strife. In 1949 under the leadership of Mao Zedong peoples’ Republic of China was established. The republic of China meant great proletarian cultural reforms. A five year plan which included cultural reform, social reforms, land reforms and economic planning was developed and implemented. China formed a thirty year alliance with Russia against Japan and its allies. It laid the roots of communism in China. Most of the Western world did not establish diplomatic ties with Communist China until 1971. Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai remained China’s leaders until 1976 who transformed China with many of their reforms. With their death power struggle again continued in China resulting in famous incidents like Tiananmen Square. Deng and Zhao Ziyang brought younger generation into power. They implemented policies for modernization of four major sectors namely agriculture, industry, defense and science and technology. (Phill) Future economy of China is the most talked about topic these days. Is this economic growth sustainable? Different aspects of social, political and economic pressures on China along with its weak political structure are the concern of most of the Western world The Institutional Dynamics of China’s Transformation Institutions provide the basic and

Growth Strategy for Vincor Essay Example for Free

Growth Strategy for Vincor Essay Vincor needs to align itself in the marketplace such that it can continue to be a market leader and grow internationally. The Canadian wine market is stagnant with limited growth opportunities in a few segments red, premium, varietal, and ice wines. Supply is always a big concern and government regulations for the sale of alcohol must be considered. As a result of the changing environment, new prospects in the market and strategic growth in external markets (international) should be analyzed. Going forward, Vincor’s growth strategy needs to focus on markets where they can have substantial market penetration and be highly successful. The opportunities are as follows: 1) Expand into international markets via acquisition and restructure the current debt to reduce interest costs. Capitalize on the popular brand name in the new market to achieve significant foreign growth. 2) Varied approach to cost reduction and focus on niches within Canada. Recover a portion of the emerging grey market by developing new product packaging for the low-end wines (plastic or boxes). 3) Build mutually beneficial partnerships with new glass bottle suppliers and develop a sales channel that will induce economies of scale for the price of bottles and increase margins; or renegotiate with current suppliers to reduce costs and provide incentives by signing an exclusivity agreement. 4) Zero in on the ice wine consumers by meeting the demand. Exploit the Inniskillin brand in the Canadian premium wine market in order to gain market share. 5) Develop a new product internationally through a partnership with a winery or vineyard by leveraging Vincor’s strong management team, international award status and proven sales force to sustain Vincor’s growth pattern. Expanding internationally through the acquisition of a company with strong branding would prove the best alternative, both in terms of timing and future growth potential. Developing a partnership in order to produce new products would take years and considerable time and effort before any gains would be realized. The varied approach would not produce enough growth to support an IPO, but many of these avenues will be addressed to reduce costs over the next several years. First six (6) to twelve (12) months: †¢ Set up the team that will conduct an international market study to determine which market, and more specifically, brand to penetrate. The team will include: 1. Jones and a market insight team (utilize services of a consulting firm that specializes in foreign winery acquisitions) 2. Jackson and his mergers and acquisition (MA) team 3. Munroe for sales and marketing 4. Investment banker †¢ The market insight team will gather the data and develop a sound understanding of the targeted wineries and knowledge of the regulations of the country †¢ Recommendations will be made to MA team Next twelve (12) to eighteen (18) months: †¢ Once a decision is reached, the investment banker and MA team will contact the companies, begin their due diligence process and conduct the final purchase †¢ The new winery will be integrated into Vincor’s portfolio and Munroe with his sales and marketing team will be responsible for its growth The international acquisition will expand Vincor globally and provide for significant growth in its portfolio. At the same time, the desired Canadian relationships with suppliers will be cemented to reduce cost of sales and increase margins.

A Clean Well Lighted Place English Literature Essay

A Clean Well Lighted Place English Literature Essay During the 20th century, literature contained many different typed of writing themes. One theme in particular was place. The use of place as a theme was utilized especially well in many of Ernest Hemingways works. Hemingway was one of the greatest American writers and journalists of the 20th century. One of his more famous works is his short story, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place. The title is self-explanatory towards revealing the possibility of place being one of the themes of the short story. Ernest Hemingways A Clean, Well-Lighted Place begins slowly with two people having a conversation but ends up displaying an important theme of place in the clean, well-lighted bar atmosphere that is seen. In many works of literature, a certain place establishes a sense of lifestyle. Place gives reader a sense of automatic comfort and further knowledge of the plot. A huge basis upon what makes place important as a theme in literature is the relationship it has with the characters. When readers are first given the setting and sense of place that the characters are living in, readers can automatically depict whether or not the characters adjust or fit in with the society and environment. Depending upon the characters personality and the personality of the place, tension and apprehension can result from a distortion with each other. However, if a character adjusts with the society in the story, messages can be implicated and readers can associate better with the authors writing style. An example of this can be seen in Annie Proulxs short story, Brokeback Mountain. The two cowboys correlate well with the cold, mountainous work environment that Proulx places them in. These two men use this mountain as a place of leisure that they can enjoy and get away to. The mountain is significant to the theme because of this. Thus, by creating the appropriate settings and places for the events to take place, the tone that authors wants to attain, will be brought out effectively and will therefore demonstrate the connection between the atmosphere and the characters in the story and show in general, how it has exaggerated the characters and their personalities. Hemingway wrote many confusing works of literature that have been thoroughly debated for years. This short story definitely follows the pattern of confusion that Hemingway brought to readers. The story begins with discussion of a drunk, old man that visits this bar and cafà © every night. It appears to be conversation between two waiters, one young and young old, about the drunken mans attempt at suicide a couple nights before. The two waiters argue about closing the bar. The younger waiter is angry and wants to go home, while the older waiter is more patient. Overall, the story is perplexing because it does not seem to have a point, but further examination of the dialogue and setting can divulge a message. In many of Hemingways works readers are forced to use the dialogue of the characters to determine what is actually going on. The difficulty presented by the story derives from the fact that in only a few instances does Hemingway identify the speaker (Gabriel 539). Although Hemingway uses dialogue as a theme, place is most definitely one of the most important premises he implicates into his stories. In A Clean, Well-Lighted Place, Hemingway gives us a cafà © which is clean and well lit, but generally has a lonely vibe. This cafà © represents more than just a place for the old man to get drunk, but a place that he can resolve his loneliness. Hemmingways solemn tale is about defeating the late night loneliness in a bright bar. The drunken man drinking brandy endures it and so does the elder waiter. However, the younger waiter cannot comprehend being alone because he most likely has not been very forlorn in his life. He brings up a couple times during the story that he wished to go home to his wife, yet the old man and old waiter have no wives to go home to like he does. Ernest Hemingway does not feel the need to give much detail on the setting.    The reader knows that it is late and that these men are in a cafà ©. The main character is sitting in the shadow and he is drinking brandy. Hemingway leaves out details from the setting but does make it clear that this cafà © is, like the title suggests, clean and well-lighted. He only states important aspects of the setting demonstrating that details are nothing, or nada. Through his writing Hemingway implies that this old man feels that little details in the world mean nothing. When the older waiter asks the younger waiter why this drunken man had tried to commit suicide a week before, the younger waiter simply answers Nothing. He has plenty of money (Hemingway 17). In the young waiters mind this old man has everything. Obviously, this old man feels that things like money are nothing and thus not worth living over. Ernest Hemingway, through the lack of details, demonstrates that details are nothing a nd therefore not worth inputting, strengthening the nada theme. Each night I am reluctant to close up because there may be some one who needs the cafà © (251). The waiter who speaks these words realizes that his cafà © is more than just a place to eat and drink. The main character of the story is the elderly, deaf drunken man who spends every evening at the cafà © until it closes. Place is used to help the reader understand the old mans loneliness and the comfort he receives from the cafà ©. Hemingway uses direct description, visual and auditory clues, and sense imagery to establish the setting and to develop this understanding. Hemingway uses direct description at the very beginning of the story to establish the setting of the story for the reader. It was late and everyone had left the cafà © except an old man who sat in the shadow the leaves of the tree made against the electric light. In the day time the street was dusty, but at night the dew settled the dust (Hemingway 15). This conveys a sense of solitude and peace which surrounds the o ld man. More importantly, this description gives the reader a feeling for the loneliness which has engulfed the old man. The use of shadows and light, along with solitude, gives the sense of loneliness. The older waiter argues that they should have allowed their customer to stay, that being in the cafà © is not the same as drinking at home. He explains that he is also one of those who likes to stay late at a cafà © . . . . With all those who do not want to go to bed. With all those who need a light for the night (Hemingway 18). He does not want to close, since there may be someone else who needs the cafà ©. When the young waiter says there are bodegas open all night, the other points out that the bright atmosphere of the cafà ©s makes it different. This detail demonstrated by Hemingway truly reflects the importance of the cafà © as a theme and its relevance with the characters. The visual and auditory clues the author uses are necessary in understanding why the old man continues to return to the cafà © each night. Turning off the electric light he continued the conversation with himself. It is the light of course but it is necessary that the place be clean and pleasant. You do not want music. Certainly you do not want music (Hemingway 23). It is essential that the cafà © be well-lighted to offset the old mans dark and lonely life. In addition, music would only be a distraction from his thoughts and a disruption of the solitude which quiet brings. Finally, through Hemingways use of sense imagery, the reader is able to understand why the old man visits the cafà © at night. the old man liked to sit late because he was deaf and now at night it was quiet and he felt the difference (Hemingway 22). Evening brings a sense of serenity to the old man. The day time distractions, even for a deaf man, are replaced by evening solitude. This allows the old man to withdraw and reflect on the loneliness of his life. It is clear that Hemingways use of direct description, visual and auditory clues, and sense imagery to establish setting help the reader to understand the old mans loneliness and the comfort he receives from the cafà ©. The old man is first seen as very lonely and in search of solitude and quiet. The setting, and the use of several literary mechanisms, however, further develop this old man and enable the reader to not only see his loneliness but feel and understand it. After the younger waiter goes home, the older one asks himself why he needs a clean, pleasant, quite, well-lighted place. The answer is that he requires some such impression of order because of a nothing that he knew too well. He begins a mocking prayer: Our nada who art in nada as it is in nada (Hemingway 23). He then finds himself at a bodega which is a poor substitute for a clean, well-lighted cafà ©. These places which bring light to the characters also bring a light out in readers. Hemingway presented a place where not only the old man went to, but also his readers could relate to because of the solemn feelings sometimes felt. He goes home to lie awake until daylight may finally bring him some sleep: After all, he said to himself, it is probably only insomnia. Many must have it (Hemingway 24). Hemingways past may have given him reason to write this story and also reason to use this certain place. He was quite the drinker which gave him firsthand accounts of being in a bar and the atmosphere it provided. He may have used some of his own life experiences to give himself inspiration towards what this deaf, old man might have been feeling. Hemingways complex relationship with women he married four timesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Pukas 1). He most likely felt loneliness a lot of his life because of the many relationships he was in and out of. This most likely resulted in his heavy drinking, and the clean, well-lighted bars that he went to would give him comfort. Many writers use different ways of approaching place as a theme. Some writers use the place with the characters personalities, or some use the place as a higher power. In this short story by Hemingway, he uses visual imagery to depict this fresh, bright environment to readers in similar ways that other writers would. Writing visually takes talent and uniqueness, and like any talent there are methods that made Hemingway stand out from the others. Creating a visual image gives the reader that place where they want to go on their minds virtual journey through a short story such as A Clean, Well-Lighted Place. Imagery gives the reader that picture in their minds eye as a reference to place with the written words. ..Everyone had left the cafà © except an old man who sat in the shadow the leaves of the tree made against the electric light (Hemingway 15). In this instance, Hemingway was more visibly descriptive about where the old man was sitting. The shadow indicated that the old man may have sat in the dark for a reason, such as loneliness. An artist, who can write well, weaves those images into the story line, taking the reader on a journey where the imagery leaves you satisfied with the ride when the last page is turned and the gateway or book has been closed. The images stay with you long after. Hemingway is not your typical 20th century writer because he truly had his own style of writing. His works were complicated for some readers but revolved around strong messages. Every person can relate with at least one of his short stories because of his usage of the places that his readers have once been to and experienced themselves. Understanding the importance of place as a theme in literature takes research and exploration of many different writers. Ernest Hemingway uses settings and places on a whole other level by elaborating with visual imagery and toying with readers senses. A Clean, Well-Lighted Place isnt just about the loneliness of an old, deaf man, but also displays characteristics that can be felt by all. Hemingway shows readers that sometimes it takes a clean, well-lighted place to get away from the dark, loneliness we feel when we are down.

Kurt Vonnegut’s Experience of Time Travel, War, and Death in Slaughterh

Slaughterhouse-Five is a stirring science-fiction book, which contains many interesting themes such as, space and time travel, philosophy on death, war, and aliens. In the novel Slaughterhouse-Five, The main character, Billy Pilgrim, is not in the first chapter. The author of this book, Kurt Vonnegut is the main character in this chapter (Harris). This book is written in a rather random order because Billy Pilgrim lived his life that way. In the novel Slaughterhouse-Five, the author’s imagination helps him get through reality by giving him the illusion that he is traveling through time and cannot die (Westbrook). Billy was a prisoner-of-war, but he continues with his normal life; he also believes that he was kid napped by aliens called Talfamadores (Peebles). These so called trips occur all through his life. He continues his life after serving in World War II by the occupation of optometry. He becomes rather wealthy but eventually dies. Giannone explains that there are three t hemes in Slaughterhouse-Five, which include, victory wins over death, the idea of no death, and the reader’s thoughts on the events of the book (Giannone). Billy Pilgrim has gained the ability to become unstuck in time. Billy went to sleep one night as an old man, and has woken up the next day as a driven young engaged man (Vonnegut 23). He has no control over where he is going to stop next in his lifetime, these trips are rather frightening (Vonnegut 23). In Slaughterhouse-Five, Billy thinks he is able to escape the present and time travel, but really, he is going back in time and seeing the bombings and other experiences (Vees-Gulani). In this novel, time is not chronological order, the time lapsed in this novel is very large, the time is made up of sma... ...Vol. 152. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. Shear, Walter. "Kurt Vonnegut: The Comic Fate of the Sensibility." The Feeling of Being: Sensibility in Postwar American Fiction. New York: Peter Lang, 2002. 215-239. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 212. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. Vees-Gulani, Susanne. "Diagnosing Billy Pilgrim: a psychiatric approach to Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five." CRITIQUE: Studies in Contemporary Fiction 44.2 (2003): 175+. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. Vonnegut, Kurt. Slaughterhouse-Five. New York, New York: Dell Publishing, 1991. Print. Westbrook, Perry D. "Kurt Vonnegut Jr.: Overview." Contemporary Novelists. Susan Windisch Brown. 6th ed. New York: St. James Press, 1996. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 17 Jan. 2014.

The Evolution of Communication Essay -- Internet Net World Wide Web Me

The Evolution of Communication Since the earliest of years, communication has been an important part of life. The term communication is defined as a means to give or interchange thoughts, feelings, information, or the like, by writing, speaking, gesturing, etcetera ( Stein, 298). Communication allows humans and other life-forms to interact with each other and transfer important information. The information transferred could be comprised of anything from a nearby food source to the discovery of fire. Over the years, communication has taken many forms. In 1962, a singer and songwriter named Bob Dylan (b. Robert Allen Zimmerman, May 24, 1941, Duluth, Minnesota) released his first album titled Bob Dylan. After listening to this album and noticing his talent for intertwining melodic songs and lyrics that spread social consciousness to the masses, it is hard to believe the simple grunt had come this far. Through the advances of science, scientist have concluded that the evolution of life probably took place over the past tens of millions of years. During these years life has evolved from tiny microscopic organisms into modern man. The genus Homo, which houses mankind, only appeared some two million years ago. Through much research, it has been concluded that speech probably arrived in its simplest form some 250,000 to 300,000 years ago. This early stage of speech, or communication, consisted of Neanderthals using their mouths to formulate sounds. This attempt to communicate by sound, which may have been discovered by listening to animals such as birds or other creatures and attempting to recreate them, is commonly known as grunting (Lacy, 2). The transformation from grunting, to the actual formulation of words, probably took pl... ...y. Many people took advantage of the radio and attempted to raise social consciousness through the broadcasting of songs and lyrics (information). Radio allowed information to be distributed in a wide range. Song's were played to whomever would listen, and not just in certain areas and ethnic boundaries. One such educator was Bob Dylan. Over three decades Bob Dylan released 46 albums. Dylan's combination of folk music, social consciousness, and the radio allowed him to speak to a nation. The information he was sending was heard by millions upon millions and could be traced all the way back to the simple grunt some 250,000 to 300,000 years ago. Works Cited Ed., Jess Stein. The Random House Dictionary of the English Language. Random House Publishing: New York, 1967 Lacy, Dan. From Grunts To Gigabytes. Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois: Urbana,1996

Themes in Frankenstein

Shelley uses multiple narrators, nested and frame narratives and an epistolary style to tell the story of Frankenstein. Comment on the effect of these and why she may have done this.Mary Shelly’s novel â€Å"Frankenstein† was written in 1818. The author uses different types of techniques to create a variety of different narrators and points of views by using a form of epistolary. Frame narration is also another great part of the novel that supports the complexity of layers in the book. These help present the suspicion element, characters point of view, the similarity between the main characters, and allow the reader to develop a personal opinion without the author resorting to the device of an omniscient narrator.The book starts with the letters from Robert Walton describing his voyage to the North Pole and his sighting of an ill man, who Walton later nurses back to health â€Å"A man in wretched condition† pg.11. After a recovery, the stranger, Victor Frankenste in, tells him the story of his life. The letters set up the novel and create suspicion due to the reader not knowing what the significance of these letters is. However, Walton is the first of the characters that tells his story, which gives the reader an advantage to conclude for himself about his opinion towards the different characters. This device, frame narrative, establishes a complex layer of stories, hence, the reader listens to Victors story, so does Walton, and Walton’s sister to him.Throughout the story, Victor occasionally interrupts and addresses Walton directly, or when Walton signs the letters he is sending off to his sister. These are the first encounters with the different language devices that Mary Shelly uses to create more depth in addition to a different structure to other books. Moreover, the reader is compelled to give more attention to the book, in order to understand the plot, and have an own opinion about the different situations in the book.Furthermo re, the letters also display the similarity between Walton and Victor, since they both seek to discover and complete objectives for the world. For example Walton describes how it will benefit the entire human race â€Å"Inestimable benefit on all mankind to the last generation† (pg.16 Walton) and Victor states that it will reveal the greatest power in the world â€Å"pioneer a new way, explore unknown powers, and unfold to the world the deepest mysteries of creation† (pg.49 Victor). The ambition to figure out the answer drives them both to their death and that of other innocent lives, demonstrating how the pursuit to solve such mysteries, with desire and determination, can result differently than one’s expectations.On the other hand the letters also surface the resemblance between other characters. Walton and the creation, Frankenstein, both present their loneliness and their wish to find a friend to share their stories. The isolation and loneliness in the novel is one of the most significant themes, which are presented throughout the form of epistolary. In the opening of the letters Walton expresses his lonesomeness â€Å"I shall commit my thoughts to paper, it is true; but that is a poor medium for the communication of feeling.I desire the company of a man who could sympathize with me, whose eyes would reply to mine. You may deem me romantic, my dear sister, but I bitterly feel the want of a friend† (Shelley 10). This is one of the first encounters with the theme, but later on this suffering repeats itself with the creation, Frankenstein, ‘When I looked around I saw and heard of none like me. Was I, the, a monster, a blot upon the earth from which all men fled and whom all men disowned?'†Chap. 13 pg. 105 The most appropriate reason why Mary Shelly would come to such a structure, would be to show the similarity between a normal human and a creature, also known as a monster, and matching hopes of not resulting abandoned. Mary Shelly questions here if humans and monster share a similarity, and if the humans can also posses these qualities of monsters. This insight to the emotions and perspectives of the characters, establishes an insight for the reader to their feelings and deeper thoughts, as well as a bond between the reader and character. Mary shelly motivates the reader to develop a personal opinion about these characters and the entire story and to judge whether or no the creature is a monster or simply misunderstood.Frankenstein has a very creative structure that helps create a meaningful effect on the reader, and compelling story. This form of frame narration, multiple different perspectives, provides us with the opportunity to develop our own opinion towards the characters and their actions. Not only opinions  are formed, but we also come to realize that creatures and humans, in this novel, share certain similarities. These can be interpreted that us humans have traits, similar to monsters , or the other way around. Overall, the novel has effects that cannot be established if the form of epistolary would have not been applied. This shows the complexity of layers in this novel and how the variety stimulates the story and provokes the reader.

Absolutism and Baroque Art in 17th Century

Europe in the 17th century was a continent in upheaval. Even this early on, it must be acknowledged that what was just said can be considered as an understatement. There is just not enough space and enough phraseology to describe the depth and sweeping changes occurring at that time. The transformation from Medieval Europe into Industrialized Europe can be likened to birth pangs – painful experiences that would result in something amazing if one can only go through the ordeal.In this period of turbulence there are two ideas and concepts that until now has caught the imagination of historians and art connoisseurs: a) Absolutism (political/religious) and b) Baroque (art). The complexity of these two terms offers a glimpse into a Europe emerging from slumber and into a collection of states that will rule the world. This paper will look into the relationship of absolutism and Baroque art in the context of the events that shaped 17th century Europe.At the end of the study the follo wing questions will be answered:1. What exactly is absolutism?2. What is Baroque art?3. What exactly is the relationship between absolutism and Baroque art?Absolutism For a 21st century American, a simple understanding of absolutism may be a form of rule that is anti-democratic. The modern world is so used to freedom of speech, freedom to assemble/protest and finally ability to choose its own leaders. Thus, anything that displays the opposite is ofcourse absolutism.But an accurate definition of absolutism is problematic. First of all there is an extreme difficulty tracing its origins and how it developed. According to Peter Wilson, in his book, â€Å"Absolutism in Central Europe†, â€Å"There seems little agreement as to when it emerged, what drove it forward, whether it progressed through distinct phases and when it came to an end† (2000, p. 10). But historians could not be denied. Many had pointed to the end of the Thirty Years War, as the beginning of the age of abs olutism.Wilson elaborated on this timeline when he wrote â€Å"The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 [†¦] not only concluded the Thirty Years War in a major European peace settlement confirming France as a major power, but strengthened the German princes by weakening the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor† (2000, p. 12). Absolutism therefore is a transition phase between the Dark Ages and the coming capitalist society. And to simplify it much further, â€Å"†¦absolutism existed as a real form of monarchy†, according to Wilson (2000, p. 11).It is now easy to understand that this kind of rule which was exemplified by France, can find its origins in the past monarchial systems that ruled Europe and this include the display of absolute power by an infallible pope. Politics and Art The connection between Baroque art and absolutism is subtle. There is no proof that can show that Kings had a direct hand in developing this art form. Still, the force that propagated it an d encouraged it to flourish comes from leadership soaked in absolute power.This is because the line that connects absolutism and Baroque art is the term counter-reformation. It would be helpful to take one step backwards and see the development of counter-reformation and the subsequent use of an art form as a kind of information disseminating tool. It quickly developed into a fashionable thing for Kings to indulge in – collecting Baroque art and commissioning artists to create the same. Baroque Art The cultural product of the 17th century Europe was described as â€Å"Baroque† (Kleiner & Mamiya, 2005, p. 569).Kleiner and Mamiya then added that it is, â€Å"†¦a convenient blanket term. However, this term is problematic because the period encompasses a broad range of developments, both historical and artistic, across an expansive geographic area† (2005, p. 569). Since it is impossible to have an accurate description of Baroque art that will give justice to al l artwork done in this period, then it would be better to console oneself with a basic understanding of Baroque through Mary Marien’s work.In Fleming’s Arts and Ideas, Marien remarked that in this technique there is more emphasis on forceful striving and restless motion as opposed to calm and repose (2004, p. 359). Mariend added that, â€Å"Grandeur and magnificence prevailed in the baroque arts. Emperors, kings, popes, and princes vied with one another to attract great artists to their courts by offering large commissions† (2004, p. 359). Counter-Reformation The motivation and the directive to use baroque arts in the Counter-Reformation was traced by Klein and Zerner.It emanated from the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church and they wrote, â€Å"In reaction to the Protestant’s attacks against images, the Council of Trent, restating the ideas of the 15th century ‘Catholic Reformation,’ required art to regain dignity in its forms and coh erence (Klein & Zerner, 1966, p. 119). But the effect of baroque arts was not merely to create icons that are proper and dignified. It was able to move people by the way the subjects are portrayed.Reich and Cunningham elaborated on this and they wrote: Carvaggio’s work is emotional and dominated by strong contrasts of light and darkness. Annibale Carracci painted scenes of movement and splendor [†¦] Rembrandt used strong contrast of light and dark to paint deeply felt religious scenes†¦(2005, p. 195). Conclusion Attempting to define both Baroque art and absolutism proved to be problematic for the proponent since the two terms were used to describe a wide range of developments in 17th century arts and politics.Still, it was ascertained that absolutism is a form of monarchial rule that existed after Europe emerged from the Medieval Period. It was also a transition phase from the feudal type of governing the land to the more sophisticated nations states and unto the mo re recent capitalistic society of Europe. Around the same time that this kind of governance was used in Europe – of which France was the prime example of a more distinguishable absolutism – there were other events and movements that could be indirectly linked to said form of governance.In reaction to an earlier kind of absolutism – of which the Holy Roman Emperor was the prime example – Protestantism was the result of the discontentment of such rule. The counter-reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the act of splitting the church in two is a program called counter-reformation. In essence it was a method aimed at strengthening Roman Catholics remaining strongholds at the same time actively defending the Catholic Church from further incursions by the Protestants.Baroque was one of the major tools used to display the superiority of the Roman Catholics, as opposed to the crudeness of the breakaway sect. But it was not only the Church who realized its impo rtance, the rich and royalty spared no expense in collecting and commissioning artists to produce one. Thus, there were two ways that Baroque art became a utilitarian tool in relation to those wielding absolute power. With regards to the Catholic Church an explanation was already given earlier. Concerning royalty, the nobility and wealthy merchants, it was a way of displaying opulence and status.ReferencesReich, J. & Cunningham, L. (2005). Cultures and Values: A Survery of the Humanities. CA: Thomson Wadsworth. Marien, M. (2004). Fleming’s Arts and Ideas. CA: Thomson Wadsworth. Kimmel, M. (1988). Absolutism and Its Discontents: State and Society in Seventeenth Century France and England. New Jersey: Transaction, Inc. Kleiner, F. & Mamiya, C. (2005). Gardner’s Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective. CA: Thomson Wadsworth. Wilson, P. (2000). Absolutism in Central Europe. New York: Routledge.